{"id":699,"date":"2026-07-28T16:49:47","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T16:49:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hartfordlit.org\/?p=699"},"modified":"2026-07-28T16:49:47","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T16:49:47","slug":"the-union-of-the-american-states-from-sketches-of-american-policy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hartfordlit.org\/?p=699","title":{"rendered":"The Union of the American States, from Sketches of American Policy"},"content":{"rendered":"

The<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Union<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>American<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>States<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

by Noah Webster<\/p>\n

No\u00a0<\/span>PERSON\u00a0<\/span>can be said’\u00a0to enjoy civil liberty who has no share in legislation, and\u00a0no\u00a0per-<\/span>son is secure in society\u00a0-unlesS\u00a0the laws are\u00a0<\/span><\/b>known\u00a0and\u00a0respected.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In\u00a0despotic governments,\u00a0where\u00a0the\u00a0scep-ter is swayed by an individual, the ruler, whether\u00a0denomin.ated\u00a0an\u00a0emperor,\u00a0a\u00a0king,\u00a0or\u00a0a\u00a0bashaw\u00a0[pasha],\u00a0having\u00a0the\u00a0sole\u00a0right\u00a0of making and executing laws, is the only person who enjoys any liberty. Every\u00a0indi-vidual\u00a0within\u00a0his\u00a0dominions\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0slave.\u00a0In this\u00a0case,\u00a0the\u00a0interest\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0individual,\u00a0of the\u00a0magistrate,\u00a0and\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0supreme\u00a0power\u00a0<\/span>are\u00a0all\u00a0united,\u00a0and\u00a0government\u00a0<\/span><\/b>is\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/b>of\u00a0course\u00a0<\/span><\/b>as active as possible.\u00a0Hence\u00a0the vigor and decision of military operations when the\u00a0power\u00a0of\u00a0the general\u00a0is without\u00a0lim\\tation.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Despotic power\u00a0is\u00a0not ‘always\u00a0tyrannical; in the hands of a mild prince, it may be favorable\u00a0to the\u00a0rights\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0subject.\u00a0But such\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0depravity\u00a0of\u00a0human\u00a0nature\u00a0that\u00a0it\u00a0is madness in\u00a0a\u00a0people\u00a0to\u00a0vest such\u00a0power in\u00a0an\u00a0individual.\u00a0Denmark\u00a0furnishes\u00a0the\u00a0only\u00a0instance\u00a0of\u00a0absolute\u00a0power\u00a0conferred\u00a0on an individual by the solemn act of the people; and it\u00a0furnishes\u00a0perhaps the\u00a0only in-stance of absolute power that has not been\u00a0abused.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A\u00a0limited\u00a0monarchy,\u00a0where\u00a0the\u00a0,power\u00a0of the sovereign\u00a0is\u00a0restrained\u00a0by\u00a0certain\u00a0laws,\u00a0is\u00a0far preferable\u00a0to despotism. But\u00a0<\/span>if\u00a0<\/span>a\u00a0mon-arch has\u00a0the\u00a0power\u00a0of\u00a0making\u00a0<\/span>any\u00a0<\/span><\/i>laws,\u00a0the people\u00a0ate\u00a0so\u00a0far\u00a0slaves.\u00a0However\u00a0such power\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0sanctified\u00a0by\u00a0time,\u00a0custom,\u00a0<\/span>or\u00a0hereditary\u00a0succession,\u00a0the\u00a0exercise\u00a0of\u00a0<\/span><\/b>i<\/span><\/b>_<\/span>t,\u00a0<\/span><\/b>in\u00a0a\u00a0sillgle\u00a0_instance,\u00a0is\u00a0an\u00a0act\u00a0of\u00a0tyranny.\u00a0<\/span><\/b>The\u00a0king\u00a0of\u00a0Great\u00a0Britain\u00a0cannot\u00a0make\u00a0a single\u00a0law\u00a0binding upon\u00a0his\u00a0subjects,\u00a0but\u00a0he can\u00a0defeat\u00a0every\u00a0bill\u00a0that\u00a0is\u00a0proposed\u00a0by Parliament. ls\u00a0such\u00a0a\u00a0nation\u00a0free?\u00a0The\u00a0En-glish\u00a0boast\u00a0of\u00a0their\u00a0privileges,-\u00a0and\u00a0with\u00a0<\/span>some\u00a0reason,\u00a0when\u00a0they\u00a0draw\u00a0a\u00a0Comparison\u00a0<\/span><\/b>between\u00a0themselves\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0vassals\u00a0of\u00a0a Polish\u00a0nobleman.\u00a0But\u00a0when\u00a0compared\u00a0with the eternal\u00a0immutable\u00a0rights\u00a0of\u00a0man,\u00a0their privileges\u00a0shrink\u00a0into\u00a0insignificance.\u00a0With what\u00a0face\u00a0can\u00a0a\u00a0nation\u00a0boast\u00a0of\u00a0their\u00a0liber-<\/span>ties,\u00a0when\u00a0an\u00a0individual of\u00a0that\u00a0nation\u00a0can,\u00a0<\/span><\/b>with a\u00a0single\u00a0expression,\u00a0“the\u00a0king\u00a0will\u00a0con-sider\u00a0of\u00a0it,”\u00a0defeat\u00a0any\u00a0measure\u00a0that\u00a0th_e\u00a0Parliament\u00a0may\u00a0adopt?\u00a0Ne1tl1er\u00a0the\u00a0title\u00a0nor the\u00a0dignities\u00a0of\u00a0royalty\u00a0can\u00a0make\u00a0a\u00a0king more\u00a0honest\u00a0or\u00a0less\u00a0fallible\u00a0than\u00a0another man;\u00a0and\u00a0upon\u00a0the\u00a0principles\u00a0of\u00a0natural right,\u00a0any\u00a0member\u00a0of\u00a0Parliament\u00a0might\u00a0as well\u00a0negative\u00a0an\u00a0act\u00a0of\u00a0that\u00a0body\u00a0as\u00a0the<\/span><\/p>\n

king.\u00a0A\u00a0nation\u00a0which\u00a0is\u00a0subject\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0will of\u00a0an\u00a0individual\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0nation\u00a0of slaves,\u00a0wheth-<\/span>er that nation receives\u00a0‘its laws from the\u00a0ar-<\/span><\/b>bitrary\u00a0will of its sovereign, or whether the people\u00a0r_;serve\u00a0to themselves the right of making their own laws and give their\u00a0sov-ereign\u00a0full power to annihilate them at\u00a0<\/span>pleasure. In either case- a nation is at the\u00a0<\/span><\/b>mercy\u00a0of\u00a0an individual.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

An aristocracy is a form of government of all others the most to be dreaded; I mean\u00a0where the right of legislation is vested in a hereditary\u00a0nobili\\J.\u00a0The\u00a0idea\u00a0of\u00a0being\u00a0born a\u00a0legislator\u00a0is\u00a0shocking\u00a0to\u00a0common\u00a0sense, and\u00a0the\u00a0fact\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0reproach\u00a0to\u00a0human\u00a0nature. In such\u2022 a government, the interest of the people\u00a0is\u00a0out\u00a0of\u00a0question.\u00a0The\u00a0interest\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0supreme\u00a0power,\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0magistracy,\u00a0and of the\u00a0ind_ividual\u00a0are here blended, and they are\u00a0distinct\u00a0and\u00a0independent\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0interest of\u00a0the\u00a0people.\u00a0The\u00a0consequence\u00a0is\u00a0that when _these interests coincide in all the members\u00a0of\u00a0the legislature,\u00a0they\u00a0are com-bined\u00a0to\u00a0oppress\u00a0their\u00a0subjects,\u00a0and\u00a0when they\u00a0clash,\u00a0as -often\u00a0happens,\u00a0the\u00a0state\u00a0is\u00a0<\/span>torn with\u00a0dissensions\u00a0and civil war.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

From\u00a0the preceding\u00a0consideration,\u00a0<\/span>I\u00a0<\/span>de-duce this definition of the most perfect\u00a0practicable\u00a0system.\u00a0of government; “a gov-ernment\u00a0where the right\u00a0of making\u00a0laws is vested in the greatest number of individuals, and the power of executing them in the\u00a0<\/span>smallest number.” In large communities, the individuals\u00a0are\u00a0too\u00a0numerous\u00a0to\u00a0assemble\u00a0<\/span><\/b>for the purpose of\u00a0legislation;”\u00a0for which reason the people appear by substitutes or agents; persons of their own choice. A rep-resentative\u00a0democracy\u00a0seems therefore to be\u00a0the\u00a0most\u00a0perfect\u00a0system\u00a0of\u00a0government\u00a0that is\u00a0practicable\u00a0on earth.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Th_e\u00a0theory of civil government\u00a0exhibited\u00a0in the preceding pages [is] designed as in-troductory\u00a0to\u00a0some\u00a0remarks\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0Ameri-<\/span>can\u00a0states.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A\u00a0tolerable\u00a0acquaintance\u00a0with\u00a0history\u00a0and<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

a\u00a0small\u00a0knowledge\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0English\u00a0settle-ments\u00a0on this continent teach us that the\u00a0<\/span>situation\u00a0of\u00a0these\u00a0states\u00a0is,\u00a0in\u00a0every\u00a0point\u00a0of<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

view,\u00a0the\u00a0reverse\u00a0of\u00a0what\u00a0has\u00a0been\u00a0the\u00a0in-fant\u00a0situation\u00a0of\u00a0all other nations.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In the first\u00a0place, our constitutions\u00a0of\u00a0civil government\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0framed\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0most\u00a0enligh_tened\u00a0period\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0world.\u00a0All\u00a0other systems\u00a0of\u00a0civil\u00a0polity\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0begun\u00a0in the\u00a0rude\u00a0times\u00a0of\u00a0ignorance\u00a0and\u00a0savage\u00a0fe-roci\\Y;\u00a0fabricated\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0voice\u00a0of\u00a0necessity,\u00a0<\/span>without\u00a0science\u00a0and\u00a0without\u00a0experience.\u00a0<\/span><\/b>America,\u00a0just\u00a0beginning\u00a0to\u00a0exist\u00a0in\u00a0an\u00a0ad-vanced\u00a0period\u00a0of\u00a0human\u00a0improvement,\u00a0has the science\u00a0and\u00a0the experience\u00a0of\u00a0all nations to\u00a0direct\u00a0her\u00a0in\u00a0forming\u00a0.\u00a0plans\u00a0of\u00a0govern-ment.\u00a0By\u00a0this\u00a0advantage\u00a0she\u00a0is\u00a0enabled\u00a0to supply\u00a0the defects\u00a0and\u00a0avoid\u00a0the errors\u00a0inci-dent\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0policy\u00a0of\u00a0uncivilized\u00a0nations, and\u00a0to\u00a0lay\u00a0a\u00a0broad\u00a0basis\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0perfection of\u00a0human\u00a0society.\u00a0The\u00a0legislators\u00a0of\u00a0the American\u00a0states\u00a0are. neither\u00a0swayed\u00a0by\u00a0a blind\u00a0veneration\u00a0for\u00a0an\u00a0independent\u00a0clergy nor\u00a0awed\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0frowns\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0tyrant.\u00a0Their civil\u00a0policy\u00a0is\u00a0or\u00a0ought\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0the\u00a0result\u00a0of the\u00a0collected\u00a0wisdom\u00a0of\u00a0all\u00a0nations,\u00a0and their\u00a0religion,.\u00a0that\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Savior\u00a0of\u00a0man-kind.\u00a0<\/span>If\u00a0<\/span>they\u00a0do\u00a0not\u00a0establish\u00a0and\u00a0perpetu-ate\u00a0the\u00a0best\u00a0sy;tems\u00a0of\u00a0government\u00a0on earth,\u00a0it\u00a0will\u00a0be\u00a0their\u00a0own\u00a0fault,\u00a0for\u00a0nature has\u00a0given\u00a0them\u00a0every\u00a0advantage\u00a0they\u00a0could\u00a0desire.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In the next place, an equal distribution\u00a0\ufffdf landed property is a singular advantage as being the foundation of republican: govern-ments\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0security\u00a0of\u00a0freedom.\u00a0The\u00a0New England states are peculiarly happy in this\u00a0respect.\u00a0Lands\u00a0lescend\u00a0equally\u00a0to\u00a0all\u00a0the heirs of the deceased\u00a0possessor\u00a0and perpetuities are entirely barred. In Connect-icut\u00a0the eldest male heir inherits two shares; this\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0relic\u00a0of\u00a0ancient\u00a0prejudices\u00a0in\u00a0favor of the rights of primogeniture, which the wisdom of succeeding legislatures will un-doubtedly\u00a0abolish. An act passed the\u00a0legisla-ture\u00a0of New York\u2022 a few years past, de-stroying\u00a0and\u00a0barring entailments\u00a0and\u00a0order-ing\u00a0that\u00a0all\u00a0intestate\u00a0estates\u00a0should\u00a0descend to\u00a0all\u00a0the\u00a0heirs\u00a0in\u00a0equal\u00a0portions.\u00a0No\u00a0act was ever- better timed or calculated\u00a0to pro-duce\u00a0more\u00a0salutary\u00a0effects.\u00a0The\u00a0states\u00a0of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pennsylvania\u00a0and\u00a0North\u00a0Carolina\u00a0have<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

made it an article\u00a0in\u00a0their\u00a0constitutions\u00a0that\u00a0no\u00a0\ufffd;tat\ufffd;\u00a0;-hall\u00a0<\/span>I;\ufffd\u00a0<\/span>perpetua!:.\u00a0I\u00a0am-noi\u00a0suffi-<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

ciently\u00a0acquainted with the constitutions of\u00a0the &ther\u00a0states to inform whether\u00a0perpetui-ties are barred or not; but they may be\u00a0avoided\u00a0by a\u00a0<\/span>common recovery,\u00a0<\/span><\/i>a fiction\u00a0of-ten\u00a0practised\u00a0in the English\u00a0courts of\u00a0law.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

But although the southern states\u00a0possess\u00a0<\/span>too\u00a0much of the aristocratic genius of Euro-<\/span><\/b>pean\u00a0governments,\u00a0yet\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0probable\u00a0that their future tendency will be toward\u00a0repub-licanism. For if the African slave.\u00a0trade\u00a0is\u00a0prohibited,\u00a0it must gradually diminish the\u00a0large estates which are entirely cultivated by slaves, as these will\u00a0probably\u00a0decrease\u00a0with-out\u00a0recruits from Africa. And it is not prob-able that their place\u00b7 can\u00a0be\u00a0supplie\u00b7d\u00a0by white\u00a0people\u00a0so\u00a0long\u00a0as vast\u00a0tracts\u00a0of\u00a0valu-able land are uncultivated, and poor people\u00a0can\u00a0purchase\u00a0the fee of the soil.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

But should the present possessors of lands continue\u00a0to\u00a0hold\u00a0arrd\u00a0cultivate\u00a0them, still there\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0new\u00a0set\u00a0of\u00a0men\u00a0springing\u00a0up\u00a0in the\u00a0back\u00a0parts\u00a0of\u00a0those\u00a0states\u00a0more\u00a0hardy and\u00a0independent\u00a0than\u00a0the\u00a0peasants\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span>low\u00a0countries\u00a0and more averse\u00a0to\u00a0aristocra-<\/span><\/b>cy. The\u00a0unhealthiness of the climate in the flatlands\u00a0is a circumstance\u00a0that\u00a0will\u00a0contrib-ute\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0rapid\u00a0population\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0moun-<\/span>tains\u00a0where\u00a0the air is more- salubrious.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The idea, therefore, that the genius of the southern states is verging towards\u00a0republi-canism, appears to be supported\u00a0by\u00a0substan-tial\u00a0reasons.\u00a0It\u00a0is\u00a0much\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0wished\u00a0that such an idea might be well grounded, for\u00a0<\/span>nature knows no\u00a0distin\u00b7ctions, ‘and govern-ment\u00a0ought to know none, but such as are\u00a0<\/span><\/b>merited\u00a0by\u00a0personal virtues.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The confiscation of many large estates in every part of the union is another\u00a0circum-stance\u00a0favorable to an equal distribution of property. The\u00a0local situation of all the states and the genius of the inhabitants in most of them\u00a0tend\u00a0to\u00a0destroy\u00a0all\u00a0the\u00a0aristocr\ufffdtic\u00a0ideas\u00a0which\u00a0were\u00a0introduced\u00a0from\u00a0our\u00a0par-ent\u00a0country.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Necessarily\u00a0connected\u00a0with\u00a0an\u00a0equal\u00a0dis-tribution\u00a0of\u00a0landed\u00a0property\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0annihila-tion\u00a0of\u00a0all\u00a0hereditary\u00a0distinctions\u00a0of\u00a0rank. Such\u00a0distinctions\u00a0are\u00a0inconsistent\u00a0with\u00a0the nature\u00a0of\u00a0popular\u00a0governments.\u00a0Whatever\u00a0<\/span>pretensions\u00a0some\u00a0states\u00a0have\u00a0made\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span><\/b>name\u00a0of\u00a0<\/span>republics;\u00a0<\/span><\/i>yet those\u00a0that\u00a0have\u00a0per-mitted\u00a0perpetual\u00a0distinctions\u00a0of\u00a0property\u00a0and\u00a0hereditary\u00a0titles\u00a0of\u00a0honor\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0right<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

of legislation annexed certainly never de-served\u00a0the name\u00a0of\u00a0popular\u00a0governments; and they have never been able to preserve\u00a0<\/span>their\u00a0freedom.\u00a0Wherever\u00a0two\u00a0or\u00a0more\u00a0or-<\/span><\/b>ders\u00a0of men have been\u00a0established\u00a0with he-reditary\u00a0privileges of rank, they have always quarreled till the power or intrigues of the superior orders have divested the people of\u00a0all\u00a0their\u00a0civil\u00a0liberties.\u00a0In\u00a0some\u00a0countries they\u00a0retain\u00a0a show of freedom \u00b7sufficient to\u00a0<\/span>amuse them into obedience; but in most\u00a0<\/span><\/b>states, they have lost even the appearance of civil rights.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Congress, aware of the tendency of an unequal division of property and the evils of\u00a0<\/span>an aristocracy or a mixed form of govern-ment,\u00a0havesf>\u00a0inserted a\u00a0clause in the Articles\u00a0<\/span><\/b>of Confederation forever barring all titles of nobility in the American states; a precaution\u00a0e,rincive\u00a0equally of the foresight, the\u00a0integri-ty, and the republican\u00a0principles of that au-gust\u00a0body.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Another\u00a0circumstance\u00a0favorable\u00a0to\u00a0liberty<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

and\u00a0peculiar\u00a0to America\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0most\u00a0liberal plan of ecclesiastical policy. Dr. Price has\u00a0anticipated\u00a0most of my observations on this head.\u00a0If\u00a0sound\u00a0sense\u00a0is\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0found\u00a0on earth,\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0in\u00a0his\u00a0reasoning\u00a0on\u00a0this\u00a0subject.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

.\u00a0<\/span>The\u00a0<\/span><\/b>American\u00a0constitutions\u00a0are\u00a0the\u00a0most\u00a0<\/span><\/b>liberal\u00a0in\u00a0this\u00a0particular\u00a0of\u00a0any\u00a0on\u00a0earth; and\u00a0yet\u00a0some\u00a0of\u00a0them\u00a0have\u00a0retained\u00a0some badges\u00a0of\u00a0bigotry.\u00a0A\u00a0profession\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span>Christian religion\u00a0is\u00a0necessary\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0.states\u00a0to entitle\u00a0a\u00a0man\u00a0to\u00a0office.\u00a0In\u00a0some\u00a0states,\u00a0it\u00a0<\/span><\/b>is\u00a0requisite\u00a0to\u00a0subscribe\u00a0[to]\u00a0certain\u00a0articles of\u00a0faith.\u00a0These\u00a0requisitions\u00a0are\u00a0the\u00a0effect\u00a0of the\u00a0same\u00a0abominable\u00a0prejudices\u00a0that\u00a0have enslaved\u00a0the\u00a0human\u00a0mind\u00a0in\u00a0all\u00a0countries;<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

which\u00a0alone\u00a0have\u00a0supported\u00a0error\u00a0and\u00a0all<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

absurdities\u00a0in\u00a0religion.\u00a0If\u00a0there\u00a0are any hu-man\u00a0.means\u00a0of\u00a0promoting\u00a0a\u00a0.millennial\u00a0state of society, the only means are a general\u00a0dif-fusion of knowledge and a free unlimited indulgence given to religious persuasions, without distinction and without preference. When\u00a0this\u00a0event\u00a0takes\u00a0place,\u00a0and\u00a0I\u00a0believe\u00a0it\u00a0certainly\u00a0will,\u00a0the\u00a0best\u00a0religion\u00a0will\u00a0have the most advocates. Nothing\u00b7\u00a0checks\u00a0the progress of truth like human establishments.\u00a0fhristianity\u00a0spread with rapidity before the temporal. powers interfered;\u00a0but\u00a0when\u00a0the civil\u00a0magistrate\u00a0undertook\u00a0to\u00a0guard\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span>truth\u00a0from\u00a0error,\u00a0its\u00a0progress\u00a0was obstruct-<\/span><\/b>ed, the\u00a0simplicity\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0gospel\u00a0was\u00a0corrupt-ed\u00a0with\u00a0human\u00a0inventions,\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0efforts\u00a0of Christendom\u00a0have not yet\u00a0been able to bring it\u00a0back\u00a0<\/span>to\u00a0<\/span>its primitive\u00a0purity.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The American states have gone far in as-sisting\u00a0the progress of truth; but they have stopped short of perfection. They ought to\u00a0have\u00a0given\u00a0every\u00a0honest. citizen\u00a0an\u00a0equal right\u00a0to\u00a0enjoy\u00a0his\u00a0religion\u00a0and\u00a0an\u00a0equal\u00a0title to\u00a0all\u00a0civil\u00a0emoluments\u00a0without\u00a0obliging\u00a0him\u00a0to\u00a0tell\u00a0his\u00a0religion.\u00a0Every\u00a0interference’ of\u00a0the\u00a0civil\u00a0power\u00a0in\u00a0regulating\u00a0opinion\u00a0is\u00a0an\u00a0<\/span>impious\u00a0<\/span><\/i>attempt\u00a0to\u00a0take\u00a0the\u00a0business\u00a0of the Deity out of His own hands; and every preference given to any religious\u00a0denomina-tion\u00a0is so\u00a0far\u00a0slavery and bigotry. This is a\u00a0<\/span>bleIIlish\u00a0in our constitutions,\u00a0repro.achful\u00a0in\u00a0<\/span><\/b>proportion\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0light\u00a0and\u00a0knowledge\u00a0of our legislators.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The\u00a0general\u00a0education\u00a0of\u00a0youth\u00a0is\u00a0an\u00a0arti-<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

cle\u00a0in\u00a0which\u00a0the\u00a0American\u00a0states\u00a0are\u00a0superi-<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

_or to\u00a0all nations.\u00a0In\u00a0Great\u00a0Britain\u00a0the\u00a0arts\u00a0<\/span>and sciences are cultivated to perfection; but\u00a0<\/span><\/b>the\u00a0instruction\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0lowest\u00a0classes\u00a0of people\u00a0is\u00a0by\u00a0no\u00a0means\u00a0equal\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0Ameri-can yeomanry. The institution of schools, particularly\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0New\u00a0England\u00a0states, where the poorest children are instructed in reading,\u00a0writing,\u00a0and\u00a0arithmetic\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0pub-lic\u00a0expense,\u00a0is a\u00a0noble\u00a0regulation,\u00a0calculated to dignify the human species.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This\u00a0institution\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0necessary\u00a0conse-<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

quence\u00a0of the genius of our governments; at\u00a0<\/span>the same time,\u00a0it forms the firmest security\u00a0<\/span><\/b>of our liberties. It is scarcely possible to reduce\u00a0an enlightened\u00a0people to civil or\u00a0ec-clesiastical\u00a0tyranny. Deprive them of\u00a0knowl-edge, and they sink\u00a0almost insensibly\u00a0in vas-salage. Ignorance cramps the powers of the mind\u00a0at the same time that\u00a0it\u00a0blinds\u00a0men\u00a0to all\u00a0thei_r\u00a0natural rights. Knowledge enlarges the understanding, and at the same time it gives a spring to all the intellectual faculties which direct the deliberations of the cabinet and the enterprises\u00a0of.the\u00a0field. A general diffusion of science is our best guard against the approaches of corruption, the prevalence of religious error, the intrigues of ambition, and\u00a0against\u00a0the\u00a0open assaults\u00a0of\u00a0external\u00a0foes.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In the southern\u00a0states\u00a0education is not so\u00a0<\/span><\/b>general. Gentlemen of fortune give their children\u00a0a\u00a0most\u00a0liberal\u00a0education;\u00a0and\u00a0no part of America produces greater lawyers,\u00a0statesmen, and divines; but the body of the people are indifferently educated. In New England\u00a0it is rare\u00a0<\/span>to\u00a0<\/span>find\u00a0a\u00a0person\u00a0who\u00a0can-not\u00a0read and write; but if I am rightly\u00a0in-formed, the case is different in the southern\u00a0<\/span>states. The education, however, of the com-<\/span><\/b>mon\u00a0people\u00a0in\u00a0every\u00a0part\u00a0of\u00a0America\u00a0is equal\u00a0to\u00a0that\u00a0of\u00a0any\u00a0nation;\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0south-<\/span>ern states, where\u00a0scho_ols\u00a0have been\u00b7 much neglected, are giving_ more encouragement\u00a0to literature.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

It is not my design to\u00a0enumerate\u00a0all the political and commercial advantages of this country; but only to\u00a0men_tion\u00a0some of the\u00a0<\/span>characteristic circumstances which\u00a0distin-<\/span><\/b>guish\u00a0America from all the kingdoms and states of which\u00a0we have any\u00a0knowledge..<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

One further remark, however, which I cannot\u00a0omit\u00a0is\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0people\u00a0in\u00a0America are\u00a0necessitated\u00a0by\u00a0their\u00a0local\u00a0situation\u00a0to be\u00a0more\u00a0sensible\u00a0and\u00a0discerning\u00a0than\u00a0na-tions\u00a0which are limited in territory and con-fined to the arts of manufacture. In a\u00a0popu-lous\u00a0country where arts are carried to great perfection,\u00a0the\u00a0mechanics\u00a0are\u00a0obliged\u00a0to\u00a0la<\/span><\/p>\n

bor\u00a0constantly upon a single article.\u00a0Every\u00a0arr-\u00a0has\u00a0\u00b7its several\u00a0branches; one\u00a0of\u00b7\u00a0which employs\u00a0a\u00a0_man\u00a0all\u00a0his\u00a0life.\u00a0A\u00a0man\u00a0who<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

l<\/span> mak’7\u00a0heads\u00a0of\u00a0pins\u00a0or\u00a0springs\u00a0of\u00a0watches<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

‘<\/span> spends\u00a0his\u00a0days\u00a0in\u00a0that\u00a0manufacture\u00a0and<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

never\u00a0looks\u00a0beyond\u00a0it.\u00a0This\u00a0manner\u00a0of\u00a0fab-<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

I<\/span> ricating\u00a0things\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0use\u00a0and\u00a0convenience<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

of\u00a0life\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0means\u00a0of\u00a0perfecting\u00a0the\u00a0arts; but\u00a0it\u00a0cramps\u00a0the\u00a0human\u00a0mind\u00a0by\u00a0confining<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

l<\/span> all\u00a0its\u00a0faculties\u00a0to\u00a0a\u00a0point.\u00a0In\u00a0countries\u00a0thin-ly\u00a0inhabited,\u00a0or\u00a0where\u00a0people\u00a0live\u00a0principal-<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

ly\u00a0by\u00a0agriculture\u00a0as\u00a0in\u00a0America,\u00a0every\u00a0man\u00a0<\/span>I<\/span> is\u00a0in\u00a0some\u00a0measur\ufffd\u00a0an\u00a0artist:\u00a0he\u00a0makes\u00a0\u00b7a\u00a0<\/span><\/b>variety\u00a0of\u00a0utensils,\u00a0rough\u00a0indeed,\u00a0but\u00a0such<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

as will answer his purpose; he is a\u00a0husband-<\/span>man\u00a0in\u00a0summer\u00a0and\u00a0a\u00a0mechanic\u00a0in\u00a0winter;\u00a0<\/span><\/b>he travels about the country; he converses\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0variety\u00a0of\u00a0professions;\u00a0he\u00a0reads\u00a0pub-lic\u00a0papers; he has access\u00a0to a parish\u00a0library and\u00a0thus\u00a0becomes\u00a0acquainted\u00a0with\u00a0history and\u00a0politics,\u00a0and\u00a0every\u00a0man\u00a0in\u00a0New\u00a0En-gland\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0theologian.\u00a0This\u00a0will\u00a0always\u00a0be the\u00a0case\u00a0in\u00a0America,\u00a0so\u00a0long\u00a0as\u00a0there\u00a0is\u00a0a vast\u00a0tract\u00a0of\u00a0fertile\u00a0land\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0cultivated which will occasion emigrations from the states already settled. Knowledge is diffused and genius roused by the very situation of\u00a0<\/span>America.<\/span><\/b> ‘<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

I have already mentioned three principles which have\u00a0generally operated\u00a0in combining the\u00a0members\u00a0of\u00a0society\u00a0under\u00a0some\u00a0su-preme\u00a0power:\u00a0a\u00a0standing\u00a0army,\u00a0religion, and\u00a0fear\u00a0of\u00a0an\u00a0external\u00a0force.\u00a0A\u00a0standing army is\u00a0necessary\u00a0in all despotic govern-ments. Religion, by which\u00a0I mean\u00a0supersti-<\/span>tion, or\u00a0human\u00b7systems\u00a0of absurdity, is an\u00a0<\/span><\/b>engine used in\u00a0almost all\u00a0governments, and\u00a0has\u00a0a\u00a0powerful\u00a0effect\u00a0where\u00a0people\u00a0are\u00a0kept\u00a0<\/span>in ignorance. The fear of conquest is an in-<\/span><\/b>fallible bond of union where states are\u00a0sur-rounded\u00a0by martial enemies. After people\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0long accustomed\u00a0to\u00a0obey,\u00a0what-ever be the first motive of their obedience, there\u00a0is formed\u00a0a\u00a0habit\u00a0of\u00a0subordination which\u00a0has\u00a0an\u00a0almost\u00a0irresistible\u00a0influence, and which will preserve the\u00a0tranquillity\u00a0of\u00a0<\/span>government,\u00a0even\u00a0when\u00a0coercion\u00a0or\u00a0the\u00a0first<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

principle of\u00a0obedience\u00a0has ceased\u00a0to\u00a0operate. None\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0foregoing\u00a0principles\u00a0can\u00a0be the\u00a0bond\u00a0of\u00a0union\u00a0among\u00a0the\u00a0American states. A standing\u00a0army\u00a0will\u00a0probably\u00a0never\u00a0exist\u00a0in America.\u00a0It is the instrument\u00a0of\u00a0tyr-anny\u00a0and ought\u00a0to be forever\u00a0banished\u00a0from free\u00a0governments.\u00a0Religion\u00a0will\u00a0have\u00a0little\u00a0<\/span>or\u00a0no\u00a0influence\u00a0in\u00a0preserving\u00a0the\u00a0union\u00a0of\u00a0<\/span><\/b>the states. The\u00a0Christian\u00a0religion\u00a0is\u00a0calculat-ed to\u00a0cherish\u00a0a spirit\u00a0of\u00a0peace\u00a0and\u00a0harmony in\u00a0society,\u00a0but\u00a0will not balance\u00a0the influence of\u00a0jarring\u00a0interests\u00a0in\u00a0,different\u00a0governments. As\u00a0to\u00a0neighboring\u00a0foes,.\u00a0we\u00a0have\u00a0none\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span>fear;\u00a0and\u00a0European\u00a0nations\u00a0are\u00a0too\u00a0wise\u00a0or\u00a0<\/span><\/b>have\u00a0too\u00a0much\u00a0business\u00a0at\u00a0home\u00a0to\u00a0think\u00a0of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\/colltjUCfring\u00a0these\u00a0states.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • We\u00a0must\u00a0therefore\u00a0search\u00a0for\u00a0new\u00a0princi-<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      \n
    • \u00a0ples-in ‘modeling our political system: The\u00a0<\/span>American constitutions are founded on\u00a0prin-<\/span><\/b>ciples\u00a0different\u00a0from\u00a0those\u00a0of\u00a0all\u00a0nations, and we must find new bonds of union to perpetuate\u00a0the\u00a0confederation.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      In\u00a0the\u00a0first\u00a0place,\u00a0there\u00a0must\u00a0be\u00a0a\u00a0su-<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      preme\u00a0power\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0head\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Union, vested\u00a0with\u00a0authority\u00a0to\u00a0make\u00a0laws\u00a0that\u00a0re-spect\u00a0the\u00a0st’ites\u00a0in\u00a0general\u00a0and\u00a0to\u00a0compel obedience\u00a0to\u00a0those\u00a0laws.\u00a0Such\u00a0a\u00a0power\u00a0<\/span>must\u00a0exist\u00a0in\u00a0every\u00a0society\u00a0or\u00a0no\u00a0man\u00a0is\u00a0<\/span><\/b>safe.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      In\u00a0orde,\u00a0to\u00a0understand\u00a0the\u00a0nature\u00a0of\u00a0such\u00a0<\/span>a\u00a0power,\u00a0..we must recur to the principles\u00a0<\/span><\/b>explained under the first head of these\u00a0ob-<\/span>servations.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      All\u00a0power\u00a0<\/span>is\u00a0<\/span><\/i>vested\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0peop[e,,–‘J’.l,at<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      this\u00a0is\u00a0their\u00a0nafora:r-and\u00a0\\unalie-\ufffdabl\ufffd\u00b7\u00a0<\/span>right-is<\/span>\u00a0a position that will not\u00a0<\/span>\u00b7be\u00a0<\/span>disputed. The\u00a0only question is how\u00a0<\/span>this\u00a0<\/span><\/i>power shall be exerted to\u00a0effect\u00a0the ends of government. If\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0people\u00a0retain\u00a0the\u00a0power\u00a0of.\u00a0executing<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      laws, we have seen. how this division will\u00a0<\/span><\/b>destroy all its\u00a0effect. Let us apply the\u00a0defini-tion\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0perfect\u00a0system\u00a0of\u00a0government\u00a0to the American states. “The right of making laws for\u00a0the\u00a0United\u00a0States should\u00a0be vested in all their inhabitants by legal and equal representation, and the right of executing\u00a0those\u00a0laws\u00a0committed\u00a0to the smallest\u00a0possi<\/span><\/p>\n

      ble\u00a0number of magistrates, chosen annually\u00a0by\u00a0Congress\u00a0and\u00a0responsible\u00a0to\u00a0them\u00a0for their administration.” Such a system of con-<\/span>tinentai\u00a0government is perfect –\u00a0it is\u00a0prac-<\/span><\/b>ticable\u00a0–\u00a0\u00a0and\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0rendered\u00a0permanent. I will’\u00a0<\/span>even\u00a0<\/span><\/i>venture: to assert\u00a0that such a sys-tem\u00a0may\u00a0have,..in\u00a0I’egislation,.\u00a0all the security of\u00a0republican ,circumspection; and in admin-istration,\u00a0all\u00a0the\u00a0-energy\u00a0a;,d\u00a0decision\u00a0of\u00a0a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      ,1\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>monarchy.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      But\u00a0must\u00a0the\u00a0powers\u00a0of\u00a0Congress\u00a0be\u00a0in-<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      creased?\u00a0This\u00a0question\u00a0implies\u00a0gross\u00a0igno-rance\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0nature\u00a0of\u00a0government.\u00a0The question\u00a0ought\u00a0to\u00a0be,\u00a0must\u00a0the American\u00a0states\u00a0be\u00a0united?\u00a0And\u00a0if\u00a0this\u00a0questi\ufffdrt-is\u00a0de-<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      dc!;i\u00a0<\/span>in\u00a0the\u00a0affirmative,\u00a0the\u00a0next\u00a0question\u00a0is<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      whether\u00a0the\u00a0states\u00a0can\u00a0be\u00a0said\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0united<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • without\u00a0.a\u00a0legislative\u00a0head?\u00a0Or\u00a0in\u00a0other\u00a0<\/span>i\u00a0<\/span>words,\u00a0whether\u00a0thirteen\u00a0states\u00a0can\u00a0be\u00a0said\u00a0<\/span>to\u00a0be\u00a0united\u00a0in government\u00a0when\u00a0each\u00a0state\u00a0<\/span><\/b>reserves\u00a0to\u00a0itself\u00a0the\u00a0sole\u00a0powers\u00a0of\u00a0legisla-tion?\u00a0The\u00a0answer\u00a0to\u00a0all\u00a0such\u00a0questions\u00a0is\u00a0extremely\u00a0easy.\u00a0<\/span>If\u00a0<\/span>the\u00a0states\u00a0propose\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span>form\u00a0and\u00a0pre.Serve\u00a0a confederacy,\u00a0there\u00a0must\u00a0<\/span><\/b>be\u00a0a\u00a0supreme\u00a0head\u00a0in\u00a0which\u00a0the\u00a0power\u00a0of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        all\u00a0the\u00a0states\u00a0is\u00a0united.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>There<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>must<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>be a supreme<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>head, clothed with the same power to make and enforce<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>laws<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>respecting<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>general<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>policy<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>all<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>states<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>as<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>legislatures<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>respective<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        states\u00a0have to\u00a0make laws binding on those\u00a0<\/span>states respecting their own internal police.\u00a0<\/span><\/b>The\u00a0trnth\u00a0of\u00a0this\u00a0is\u00a0taught\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0principles of\u00a0government, and\u00a0confirmed by _the\u00a0expe-rience\u00a0of America. Without such a head, the states cannot be\u00a0<\/span>united;\u00a0<\/span><\/i>and all attempts to conduct the measures of the continent will\u00a0<\/span>prove\u00a0<\/span><\/i>but\u00a0governmental\u00a0farces.\u00a0So\u00a0long\u00a0as any individual state has power\u00a0<\/span>to\u00a0<\/span>defeat the measures of the other twelve, our pretended\u00a0<\/span>union\u00a0is\u00a0but\u00a0a\u00a0name,\u00a0and\u00a0our\u00a0confederation\u00a0<\/span><\/b>a cobweb.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        \/\u00a0<\/span>What,\u00a0it\u00a0will\u00a0be\u00a0asked,\u00a0must\u00a0the\u00a0states relinquish\u00a0their\u00a0sovereignty\u00a0and\u00a0indepen-dence,\u00a0and\u00a0give\u00a0Congress\u00a0their\u00a0rights\u00a0of\u00a0leg-islation?\u00a0I\u00a0beg\u00a0to\u00a0know\u00a0what\u00a0we\u00a0mean\u00a0by\u00a0<\/span>United\u00a0States?\u00a0<\/span><\/i>If,\u00a0after\u00a0Congress\u00a0have\u00a0passed<\/span><\/p>\n

        a\u00a0resolution\u00a0of a\u00a0general\u00a0tenor,\u00a0the\u00a0states\u00a0<\/span><\/b>are still\u00a0at\u00a0liberty\u00a0to\u00a0com\u00a0ply\u00a0or\u00a0refuse,\u00a0I must\u00a0insist\u00a0that\u00a0they\u00a0are\u00a0not\u00a0<\/span>united;\u00a0<\/span><\/i>they\u00a0<\/span>are as separate as\u00a0<\/span><\/b>they\u00a0<\/span><\/b>ever were, and Con-<\/span><\/b>gress\u00a0is merely an advisory body. If people imagine that Congress ought to be merely a council of advice, they will\u00a0some time\u00a0or\u00a0other\u00a0discover their most egregious mistake.\u00a0<\/span>If\u00a0<\/span>3,000,000 people\u00a0united under thirteen different\u00a0heads\u00a0are\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0governed\u00a0or<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        brought\u00a0to\u00a0act\u00a0in\u00a0concert\u00a0by\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>Resolve,\u00a0that\u00a0<\/span><\/i>,\u00a0,\u00a0,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        it\u00a0be\u00a0recommended,\u00a0<\/span><\/i>I\u00a0confess\u00a0myself\u00a0a\u00a0stran-ger\u00a0to\u00a0history\u00a0and\u00a0to\u00a0human\u00a0nature.\u00a0The very idea\u00a0of\u00a0uniting\u00a0discordant\u00a0interests\u00a0and restraining\u00a0the\u00a0selfish\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0wicked\u00a0princi-ples\u00a0of\u00a0men\u00a0by\u00a0advisory\u00a0resolutions\u00a0is\u00a0too absurd\u00a0to\u00a0have\u00a0advocates\u00a0even\u00a0among\u00a0illit-erate\u00a0peasants. The resolves\u00a0of\u00a0Congress\u00a0are always\u00a0treated\u00a0with\u00a0respect,\u00a0and\u00a0during\u00a0the\u00a0late war\u00a0they\u00a0were\u00a0efficacious.\u00a0But\u00a0their\u00a0ef-ficacy\u00a0proceeded\u00a0from\u00a0a\u00a0principle\u00a0of\u00a0com-mon\u00a0safety\u00a0which\u00a0united\u00a0the\u00a0interests\u00a0of\u00a0all\u00a0the\u00a0states;\u00a0but\u00a0peace\u00a0has\u00a0removed\u00a0that\u00a0prin-ciple,\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0states\u00a0comply\u00a0with\u00a0or\u00a0refuse the\u00a0requisitions\u00a0of\u00a0Congress\u00a0just\u00a0as\u00a0they\u00a0,.\u00a0please.<\/span> \\<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        The idea\u00a0-<>f\u00a0each state preserving its\u00a0<\/span>sov-<\/span><\/i>ereignty\u00a0\u00b7and independence in their full\u00a0\u00b7lati-tude,\u00a0and\u00a0yet\u00a0holding\u00a0up\u00a0the\u00a0appearance\u00a0of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        a<\/span><\/b>confederacy_<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        _and\u00a0a\u00a0concert\u00a0of\u00a0rrieasure\u00b7s,\u00a0is<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        .s’6I\ufffddsm\u00b7\u00a0in\u00a0politics\u00a0that\u00a0will\u00a0sooner\u00a0or\u00a0lat-<\/span><\/b>er dissolve the pretended\u00a0union, or\u00a0work\u00a0<\/span>other mischiefs sufficient to bear conviction\u00a0<\/span><\/b>to every\u00a0mind.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        But what\u00a0shall\u00a0be done? What system of government shall\u00a0b\ufffd\u00a0framed to guard\u00a0our\u00a0<\/span>rights,\u00a0to\u00a0cement\u00a0our\u00a0union,\u00a0and\u00a0give\u00a0ener-<\/span><\/b>gy\u00a0to\u00a0public\u00a0measures?\u00a0The\u00a0answers\u00a0t.o\u00a0these questions are obvious and a\u00a0\u00b7plan of confederacy extremely easy. Let the govern-ment\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0United\u00a0States\u00a0be formed\u00a0upon the general\u00a0plan\u00a0of\u00a0government\u00a0in\u00a0each\u00a0of\u00a0<\/span>the several\u00a0states.\u00a0Let us examine\u00a0the\u00a0consti-<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        tution\u00a0of\u00a0Connecticut.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        The inhabitants of Connecticut form one body\u00a0politic,\u00a0under\u00a0the\u00a0name\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span>Gover-<\/span><\/i>nor\u00a0and\u00a0Company\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0State\u00a0of\u00a0Connecti<\/span><\/p>\n

        cut. The whole body of freemen, in their collective capacity, is the supreme power of\u00a0the\u00a0.state. By consent and firm compact or\u00a0<\/span>copstitution<\/span><\/b>1\u00a0<\/span><\/b>this\u00a0supreme\u00a0power\u00a0is\u00a0dele-<\/span><\/b>gated\u00a0t:<J\u00a0representatives chosen in a legal manner and duly qualified. These\u00a0represen-tatives., properly\u00a0assem\u00a0bled, make laws binding on the whole state; that is, the\u00a0su-preme\u00a0power\u00a0or\u00a0state\u00a0makes\u00a0laws\u00a0binding\u00a0on\u00a0itself. The\u00a0supreme\u00a0power\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0sub-jects\u00a0of\u00a0that supreme\u00a0power are the same body of men. As a collective body, the\u00a0citi-<\/span>z.ens\u00a0are all an\u00a0individual;\u00b7\u00a0as separate\u00a0indi-viduals, they are subjects as\u00a0numerous\u00a0as the\u00a0<\/span><\/b>citizens.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        When\u00a0laws\u00a0are\u00a0enacted\u00a0they\u00a0are\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0gen-<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        eral\u00a0tenor; they respect the whole state and cannot be abrogated but by the whole state.\u00a0But the whole state does not\u00a0attempt\u00a0to ex-ecute\u00a0the\u00a0laws.\u00a0The\u00a0state\u00a0elects\u00a0a\u00a0governor\u00a0<\/span>OJ;\u00a0<\/span>supreme magistrate and clothes him with\u00a0the power of the whole state to enforce the laws. Under him\u00a0a number of\u00a0subordinate\u00a0<\/span>magistrateS,\u00a0<\/span><\/b>such\u00a0<\/span><\/b>as\u00a0<\/span><\/b>Judges\u00a0<\/span><\/b>of\u00a0courts,\u00a0justices\u00a0<\/span><\/b>of the peace, sheriffs, etc., are appointed to\u00a0<\/span>administer the laws in their respective de-<\/span><\/b>partments. These are commissioned by the governor or supreme magistrate.\u00a0Thus\u00a0the\u00a0who!,\u00a0power\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0state\u00a0is\u00a0brought\u00a0to\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>single\u00a0poip.t; it is united\u00a0in one person.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        If\u00a0the .\u00a0representation of the freemen\u00a0is equal\u00a0an_d\u00a0the elections frequent, if the mag-<\/span>istrates\u00a0are constitutionally chosen and re-<\/span><\/b>sponsible for their administration, such a government\u00a0is\u00a0of\u00a0all\u00a0others\u00a0the\u00a0most\u00a0free and\u00a0safe. The\u00a0form\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0most\u00a0perfect\u00a0on earth. While bills are depending before the\u00a0<\/span>supreme power, every citizen has a right to\u00a0<\/span><\/b>oppose\u00a0them_.\u00a0A\u00a0perfect\u00a0freedom\u00a0of\u00a0debate\u00a0<\/span>is\u00a0essential\u00a0to\u00a0a\u00a0free\u00a0government.\u00a0But\u00a0when\u00a0<\/span><\/b>‘a\u00a0bill has\u00a0been formally\u00a0debated\u00a0and is en-acted\u00a0into\u00a0a\u00a0law, it\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0act\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0whole state,\u00a0and\u00a0no\u00a0individual\u00a0has\u00a0a\u00a0right\u00a0to\u00a0resist\u00a0it.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        But, as it\u00a0has\u00a0been\u00a0before\u00a0observed,\u00a0the acts\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0supreme\u00a0power\u00a0must\u00a0be\u00a0general; it\u00a0has\u00a0therefore\u00a0by\u00a0a\u00a0general\u00a0law\u00a0delegated<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        full\u00a0_authority\u00a0<\/span>to\u00a0<\/span>certain inferior corporations to\u00a0make\u00a0bylaws\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0convenience\u00a0of small\u00a0districts\u00a0and\u00a0not\u00a0repugnant\u00a0to\u00a0the laws of the state.\u00a0Thus\u00a0every town in Con-<\/span>necticut\u00a0is a\u00a0supreme power for certain\u00a0pur-poses\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0cities\u00a0are\u00a0invested\u00a0with\u00a0exten-<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        sive\u00a0privileges.\u00a0These\u00a0corporations,\u00a0for\u00a0cer-<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        tain\u00a0purposes,\u00a0are independent\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0legis-lature; they\u00a0make laws, appoint\u00a0officers,\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span>exercise\u00a0jurisdiction\u00a0within their\u00a0own\u00a0limits.\u00a0<\/span><\/b>As\u00a0bodies\u00a0politic,\u00a0they\u00a0are sovereign\u00a0and\u00a0in-dependent;\u00a0as\u00a0members\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0large\u00a0commu-nity,\u00a0they\u00a0are\u00a0mere\u00a0subjects.\u00a0In\u00a0the\u00a0same manner, the head\u00a0of\u00a0a family\u00a0is sovereign\u00a0in\u00a0his .domestic\u00a0economy,\u00a0but\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0part\u00a0of\u00a0the state,\u00a0he is a subject.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        Let\u00a0a\u00a0similar\u00a0system\u00a0of\u00a0government\u00a0be extended\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0United\u00a0States.\u00a0As\u00a0town\\,.\u00a0<\/span>and\u00a0cities are,\u00a0as\u00a0to\u00a0their small\u00a0matters,\u00a0sov-,\u00a0<\/span><\/b>ereign\u00a0and independent,\u00a0and\u00a0as to their\u00a0gen-eral\u00a0concerns,\u00a0mere\u00a0subjects\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0state;\u00a0so\u00a0let the several\u00a0states, as to their\u00a0own\u00a0police, be sovereign\u00a0and\u00a0independent,\u00a0but as\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span>common\u00a0concerns\u00a0of\u00a0all,\u00a0let\u00a0them\u00a0be\u00a0mere\u00a0<\/span><\/b>subjects\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0federal\u00a0head.\u00a0If\u00a0the\u00a0necessity\u00a0<\/span>of a\u00a0union\u00a0is\u00a0<;.dmitted,\u00a0such\u00a0a\u00a0system\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span><\/b>only\u00a0means\u00a0of\u00a0effecting\u00a0it.\u00a0However\u00a0inde-pendent\u00a0each\u00a0state\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0and\u00a0ought\u00a0to\u00a0be<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        in things that relate\u00a0<\/span>to\u00a0<\/span>itself merely, yet as a1\u00a0part\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0greater\u00a0body\u00a0it\u00a0must\u00a0be\u00a0a\u00a0subject\u00b7<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        of that body in matters -that relate to the whole. A system of continental government, thus\u00a0organized,\u00a0may\u00a0establish\u00a0and\u00a0perpetu-ate the confederation without infringing the rights of any particular state…But the power\u00a0of\u00a0all\u00a0the\u00a0states\u00a0must\u00a0be\u00a0reduced\u00a0to\u00a0a\u00a0nar-<\/span>row\u00a0compass;\u00a0it\u00a0must\u00a0center\u00a0in\u00a0a :single\u00a0<\/span><\/b>body\u00a0of\u00a0men;\u00a0and\u00a0it\u00a0must\u00a0not\u00a0be\u00a0liable\u00a0to be controlled or defeated by an individual state.\u00a0The\u00a0states\u00a0assembled\u00a0in\u00a0Congress must have the same compulsory power in\u00a0<\/span>matters\u00a0that\u00a0concern\u00a0the\u00a0whole\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0man\u00a0<\/span><\/b>has\u00a0in\u00a0his\u00a0own\u00a0family,\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0city\u00a0has\u00a0within the limits of the corporation, and as the leg-islature\u00a0of\u00a0a state has in the limits\u00a0of\u00a0that state,\u00a0respecting\u00a0matters\u00a0that\u00a0fall\u00a0within\u00a0iheir\u00a0several\u00a0jurisdictions.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        I beg\u00a0Jo know\u00a0ho,v\u00a0ot\ufffd<erwise\u00a0the\u00a0states will\u00a0be\u00a0governed\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0collective\u00a0body?\u00a0Ev-ery\u00a0man knows by his own experience that even\u00a0famllies\u00a0are not to be kept in\u00a0subordi-<\/span>nation\u00a0<\/span><\/b>by\u00a0<\/span><\/b>recommendations and advice.\u00a0<\/span><\/b>How much less then will such flimsy things command\u00a0the\u00a0obedience\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0whole\u00b7conti-<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        .1ent?\u00a0They\u00a0will\u00a0not\u00a0–\u00a0\u00a0they\u00a0do\u00a0not.\u00a0A\u00a0sin-gle\u00a0state, by noncompliance with resolves of Congress, has repeatedly defeated the most salutary measures of the states proposed by Congress and acceded to by twelve out of\u00a0thirteen.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        I will suppose for the present\u00a0that a\u00a0mea-sure\u00a0recommended\u00a0by\u00a0Congres,s\u00a0and\u00a0adopted by\u00a0a majority of\u00a0the legislatures\u00a0shi:mld\u00a0be\u00a0really\u00a0repugnant\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0interest\u00a0of\u00a0<\/span>a single state, considered\u00a0<\/span><\/b>in\u00a0<\/span><\/b>its separate ca-<\/span><\/b>pacity. Would it be right for that state to oppose\u00a0it?\u00a0While\u00a0the\u00a0measure\u00a0is\u00a0in\u00a0agitation\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0undoubted\u00a0privilege\u00a0of\u00a0every\u00a0state to\u00a0oppose\u00a0it\u00a0by\u00a0every\u00a0argument.\u00a0But\u00a0when it is passed by the concurrence of a legal majority, it is the duty of every state\u00a0to ac-<\/span>quiesce.\u00a0So\u00a0far\u00a0from\u00a0resisting\u00a0the\u00a0measure,<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        . chose very individuals who opposed it in ‘debate\u00a0ought\u00a0to\u00a0support\u00a0it\u00a0in\u00a0execution. The reason is very plain: society and gov-ernment\u00a0can be supported on no other\u00a0prin-ciples.\u00a0The\u00a0interest\u00a0of\u00a0individuals\u00a0must\u00a0al-ways\u00a0give place to the interest of the whole\u00a0c_ommu.nity.\u00a0This\u00a0principle\u00a0of\u00a0government\u00a0is<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        \\\u00a0<\/span>not\u00a0perff:str’but\u00a0<\/span><\/b>it\u00a0<\/span><\/b>is\u00a0as\u00a0perfect\u00a0as\u00a0any\u00a0princi-<\/span><\/b>p1erliat\u00a0can\u00a0be\u00a0carried\u00a0into\u00a0effect\u00a0on\u00a0this side [of] heaven.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        It\u00a0is\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0interest\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0American\u00a0states\u00a0either\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0united\u00a0or\u00a0not.\u00a0If\u00a0their\u00a0<\/span>union\u00a0is\u00a0unnecessary,\u00a0let\u00a0Congress\u00a0be\u00a0anni-<\/span><\/b>hilated, or let them\u00a0be\u00a0denominated\u00a0a\u00a0coun-cil\u00a0of\u00a0advice\u00a0and\u00a0considered\u00a0as\u00a0such.\u00a0They must\u00a0then\u00a0be\u00a0stripped\u00a0of\u00a0their\u00a0power\u00a0of\u00a0making\u00a0peace\u00a0and\u00a0war\u00a0and\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0variety\u00a0of prerogatives\u00a0given\u00a0them\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0Articles\u00a0of Confederation.\u00a0In\u00a0this case\u00a0we\u00a0ourselves\u00a0and the\u00a0states\u00a0of\u00a0Europe\u00a0should\u00a0know\u00a0what kind\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0being\u00a0Congress\u00a0is;\u00a0what\u00a0depen-dence\u00a0can\u00a0be\u00a0placed\u00a0on\u00a0their\u00a0resolves;\u00a0what<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        is the nature of the treaties which they have made and the debts they have\u00a0contracted.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        But if the states are all serious in a design to\u00a0‘establish\u00a0a permanent\u00a0<\/span>union,\u00a0<\/span><\/i>let their sin-cerity\u00a0be evinced\u00a0by their public conduct.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        Suppose the legislature of Rhode Island\u00a0had no power\u00a0<\/span>to\u00a0<\/span>compel obedience\u00a0to its\u00a0laws,\u00a0but\u00a0any\u00a0town\u00a0in\u00a0that\u00a0state\u00a0had\u00a0power to defeat every public measure. Could any laws be\u00a0rendered\u00a0effectual? Could it with propriety be called a state? Could it be said that- there was any supreme power, or any government? Certainly not. Suppose the smallest town in Connecticut had power to defeat the most salutary measures of the\u00a0<\/span>state; would not every other town rise in\u00a0<\/span><\/b>arms against any attempt to exert such a power? They certainly would. The truth\u00b7\u00a0of\u00a0the case is, where\u00a0the\u00a0power\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0people\u00a0is not united in some individual or small body\u00a0ohndividuals, but continues divided among\u00a0the members of a society, that power is nothing at all. This fact is clearly proved\u00a0under\u00a0the first head\u00a0of\u00a0these\u00a0observations, and more\u00a0clear.ly\u00a0fel(\u00a0by;\u00a0our fatal\u00a0experi-<\/span>ence.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        The\u00a0Americ’an\u00a0states,\u00a0as\u00a0to\u00a0their\u00a0general\u00a0<\/span>internal\u00a0police,\u00b7\u00a0are\u00a0<\/span><\/b>not\u00a0united;\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/b>there\u00a0is\u00a0no\u00a0<\/span><\/b>supreme\u00a0power\u00a0at\u00a0their\u00a0head;\u00a0they\u00a0are\u00a0in\u00a0a perfect\u00a0state\u00a0of\u00a0nature\u00a0and\u00a0independenc.e\u00a0as. to\u00a0each\u00a0other:\u00a0.each\u00a0is\u00a0at\u00a0liberty\u00a0to\u00a0fight\u00a0its neighbor\u00a0and\u00a0there\u00a0is\u00a0no\u00a0sovereign\u00a0to\u00a0call forth\u00a0the\u00a0poweY’bf\u00a0the\u00a0continent\u00a0to\u2022\u00a0quell the\u00a0dispute\u00a0or\u00a0punish\u00a0the\u00a0aggresso\ufffd:\u00b71t\u00a0is not\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0power\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Congress\u00a0_:.:\u00a0they have\u00a0no\u00a0command\u00a0over\u00a0the\u00a0militia\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span>states\u00a0–<\/span><\/b> each\u00a0state commands\u00a0its\u00a0<\/span><\/b>own!<\/span><\/i><\/b>\u2022\u00a0<\/span><\/b>arid\u00a0<\/span><\/b>should\u00a0any\u00a0one\u00a0be\u00a0disposed\u00a0for\u00a0civil\u00a0war,\u00a0the\u00a0swo;d\u2022\u00a0must\u00a0\ufffd\ufffdttle\u00a0die-\u00a0cont\ufffd;!.\ufffd;;d\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        weakest\u00a0be\u00a0sacrificed\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0strongest.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        It is now\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0power\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0states\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span>form a continental government as .effica-cious\u00a0as the interior government of any par-<\/span><\/b>ticular\u00a0state.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        The\u00a0general\u00a0concerns\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0continent may\u00a0be\u00a0reduced\u00a0to a\u00a0few\u00a0heads;\u00a0but\u00a0in\u00a0all the\u00a0affairs\u00a0that\u00a0respect\u00a0the\u00a0whole,\u00a0Congress<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        must\u00a0have\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0power\u00a0to\u00a0enact\u00a0laws\u00a0<\/span><\/b>and compel obedience throughout the con-tinent\u00a0as the legislatures of the several states have in their respective\u00a0jurisdictions. If Con-gless\u00a0have\u00a0any power, they must have the whole\u00a0power\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0continent.\u00a0Such\u00a0a\u00a0pow-er\u00a0would\u00a0not\u00a0abridge\u00a0the\u00a0sovereignty\u00a0of\u00a0<\/span>each state\u00b7\u00a0in any article relating to its own\u00a0<\/span><\/b>government.\u00a0The\u00a0internal\u00a0police\u00a0of\u00a0each state would\u00a0be still\u00a0under the sole\u00a0\u00b7superin-tendence\u00a0of\u00a0its legislature.\u00a0But\u00a0in\u00a0a matter that equally respects all the states, no\u00a0indi-vidual\u00a0s_tate\u00a0has\u00a0more than a thirteenth\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0legislative\u00a0authority,\u00a0and\u00a0consequent-ly\u00a0has no right to decide what\u00a0measure\u00a0shall\u00a0or\u00a0shaU\u00a0not take place on the continent. A\u00a0m_ajority\u00a0of the states\u00a0<\/span>must\u00a0<\/span><\/i>decide; our\u00a0con-federation\u00a0cannot be permanent unless\u00a0founded\u00a0on that principle;\u00a0nay\u00a0more, the\u00a0states\u00a0cannot\u00a0be\u00a0said\u00a0<\/span>to\u00a0<\/span>be\u00a0<\/span>united\u00a0<\/span><\/i>till\u00a0such\u00a0a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        , \u2022\u00a0principle\u00a0is\u00a0adopted\u00a0in\u00a0ifr\u00a0utmost\u00a0latitude.\u00a0If\u00a0<\/span>a single town or precinct \u00b7could counteract\u00a0<\/span><\/b>the\u00a0will\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0whole\u00a0state,\u00a0would\u00a0there\u00a0be any government in that state? It is an\u00a0estab-lished\u00a0principle\u00a0in\u00a0government\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span>wilI\u00a0<\/span><\/i>of the minority must submit to that of the majority; and a\u00a0sirigle\u00a0state or a minority of states\u00a0ought\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0disabled\u00a0to\u00a0resist\u00a0the\u00a0will\u00a0<\/span>of\u00a0the\u00a0majority,\u00a0as\u00a0much\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0town\u00a0or\u00a0coun-<\/span><\/b>ty in any state is disabled to prevent the execution\u00a0of\u00a0a statute law of the legislature.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        It is on this principle and\u00a0<\/span>this alone\u00a0<\/span><\/i>that a\u00a0<\/span>free state can be\u00a0gov_erned; it is on this\u00a0<\/span><\/b>principle. alone that the American states can exist\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0confederacy\u00a0of\u00a0republics.\u00a0Either\u00a0<\/span>the several states must continue separate,\u00a0<\/span><\/b>totally independent\u00a0of\u00a0each\u00a0other,\u00a0and\u00a0liable to all the evils of jealousy, dispute, and civil dissension –\u00a0nay, liable to a civil war upon\u00a0any clashing of interests –\u00a0or they must constitute a general head, composed of rep-<\/span>resentatives\u00a0from all the states, and vested\u00a0<\/span><\/b>with the power of the whole continent to enforce their decisions. There is no other al-<\/span>ternative.\u00a0One\u00a0of\u00a0these\u00a0events\u00a0must\u00a0inevita-<\/span><\/b>bly\u00a0take place, and the revolution of a few years\u00a0will verify the prediction.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        I know\u00a0the objections\u00a0that\u00a0have\u00a0been urged by the supporters of faction, and per-haps by some honest men, against such a power at the head of the states. But the objections all arise from false notions of government or from a willful design to\u00a0em-broil the states. Many people, I doubt not, really suppose that such power in Congress would be dangerous to the liberties of the states. Such ought\u00a0to\u00a0be enlightened.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        There\u00a0are\u00a0two\u00a0fundamental\u00a0errors,\u00a0very\u00a0<\/span><\/b>common\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0reasonings\u00a0which\u00a0I\u00a0have heard\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0powers\u00a0of\u00a0Congress.\u00a0The\u00a0first\u00a0<\/span>arises\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0idea\u00a0that\u00a0our\u00a0American\u00a0Con-<\/span><\/b>stitutions\u00a0are\u00a0founded\u00a0on\u00a0principles\u00a0simil\/r,\u00a0to\u00a0those\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0European\u00a0governmen\ufffd\u00a0which\u00a0have\u00a0been\u00a0called\u00a0<\/span>free.\u00a0<\/span><\/i>Hence\u00a0people are\u00a0led\u00a0into\u00a0a\u00a0second\u00a0error,\u00a0which\u00a0is\u00a0that Congress\u00a0are\u00a0a\u00a0body\u00a0independent\u00a0of\u00a0their\u00a0<\/span>constituents\u00a0and\u00a0under\u00a0the\u00a0influence\u00a0of\u00a0a distinct interest.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        But\u00a0we\u00a0have\u00a0seen\u00a0before\u00a0that\u00a0our\u00a0systems<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        of\u00a0civil\u00a0government\u00a0are\u00a0different\u00a0from\u00a0all others,\u00a0founded\u00a0on\u00a0different\u00a0principles,\u00a0<\/span>more\u00a0favorable\u00a0to\u00a0freedom,\u00a0and\u00a0more\u00a0secure\u00a0<\/span><\/b>against\u00a0oorruption.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        We have\u00a0<\/span>no\u00a0eeri,.etual\u00a0distinctions of<\/span>\u00a0prope:;r which might raise one class of\u00a0<\/span>mefl””””\ufffdbove<\/span><\/b>\u00a0another\u00a0\ufffdnd\u00a0create\u00a0powerful\u00a0family connections and combinations against\u00a0<\/span><\/b>our liberties. We suffer\u00a0<\/span>no hereditary offices<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>or titles<\/span>\u00a0which might breed insolence and\u00a0pride and give their\u00a0possessors\u00a0an\u00a0opportu-nity\u00a0to oppress their fellowmen. We\u00a0are not\u00a0<\/span>u\ufffd\ufffd:l1h\ufffd<:!i!’.\\’\u00a3JioQ,.\u00a3L\ufffd\u00a0big2,te\ufffd\u00a0clergy<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>;i;;;<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        might\u00a0rob\u00a0us\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0means\u00a0of\u00a0knowledge<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        and\u00a0then inculcate on\u00a0credulous\u00a0minds\u00a0what sentiments\u00a0they\u00a0please.\u00a0Not\u00a0a\u00a0single\u00a0office\u00a0or\u00a0emolument\u00a0in\u00a0America\u00a0is\u00a0held\u00a0by\u00a0pre-scription\u00a0or\u00a0hereditaty\u00a0right;\u00a0but\u00a0all\u00a0at\u00a0the disposal\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0people,.\u00a0and\u00a0not\u00a0a\u00a0man\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0continent\u00a0but.”drones\u00a0and\u00a0villains\u00a0who has\u00a0not\u00a0the\u00a0privilege\u00a0of\u00a0frequently\u00a0choosing his\u00a0legislators\u00a0and\u00a0impeaching\u00a0his\u00a0magis-trates\u00a0for\u00a0maladministration. Such\u00a0principles form\u00a0the\u00a0basis\u00a0of\u00a0our\u00a0American\u00a0govern-\u00b7\u00a0inents\u00a0–<\/span> the first and\u00a0only governments\u00a0on<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        earth\u00a0that are founded\u00a0on\u00a0the true principles of\u00a0equal\u00a0liberty\u00a0and\u00a0properly\u00a0guarded\u00a0from<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        1\u00a0<\/span>sorruption.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        \ufffd\u00a0The\u00a0legislarures\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0American\u00a0states are the\u00a0onl:p- legislatures on earth which are\u00a0<\/span>wholly\u00a0<\/span><\/i>dependent\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0people\u00a0at\u00a0large;\u00a0and Congress is as dependent on the several\u00a0<\/span>states as the legislatures are on their\u00a0constit-<\/span><\/b>uents. The\u00a0members of Congress are chosen\u00a0by the legislatures, removable by them at pleasure,\u00a0dependent\u00a0on\u00a0them\u00a0for\u00a0subsis-<\/span>tence,\u00a0and\u00a0responsible-\u00a0to\u00a0their\u00a0constituents<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        • \u20221\u00a0.\u00a0<\/span>for their conduct. But this is not all. After having been delegated three years, the\u00a0con-federation\u00a0renders\u00a0them\u00a0ineligible\u00a0for the term of three years more, when they must return,\u00a0mingle\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0people,\u00a0and\u00a0become<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          private\u00a0citizens.\u00a0At\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0time,\u00a0their\u00a0in-<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          • terest\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0with\u00a0that\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0people; for\u00a0enjoying\u00a0no\u00a0exclusive\u00a0privileges\u00a0but\u00a0what are temporary they cannot knowingly enact oppressive laws, because they involve\u00a0<\/span>themselves,\u00a0their\u00a0families,\u00a0and\u00a0estates\u00a0in\u00a0all<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            the\u00a0mischiefs\u00a0that\u00a0result\u00a0from\u00a0such\u00a0laws.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            People,\u00a0therefore,\u00a0who\u00a0attempt\u00a0to\u00a0terrify\u00a0<\/span><\/b>us with\u00a0apprehensions\u00a0of\u00a0losing\u00a0our\u00a0liberties\u00a0<\/span>because\u00a0other\u00a0states\u00a0have\u00a0lost\u00a0theirs,\u00a0betray\u00a0<\/span><\/b>an\u00a0ignorance\u00a0of\u00a0histof)!i\u00a0and\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0principles of\u00a0our\u00a0confederation.::)\u00a0will\u00a0not\u00a0undertake to\u00a0say\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0government\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0American states\u00a0will\u00a0not\u00a0be\u00a0corrupted\u00a0or\u00a0degenerate into\u00a0tyranny.\u00a0But\u00a0I\u00a0venture\u00a0to\u00a0assert\u00a0that\u00a0<\/span>if\u00a0<\/span><\/i>it\u00a0<\/span><\/i>should,\u00a0it\u00a0will\u00a0be\u00a0the\u00a0fault\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0people. If\u00a0the\u00a0people\u00a0continue\u00a0<\/span>to\u00a0<\/span>choose\u00a0their\u00a0rep-resentatives\u00a0annually\u00a0and\u00a0the choice\u00a0of\u00a0dele-gates\u00a0to\u00a0Congress\u00a0should\u00a0remain\u00a0upon\u00a0its present\u00a0footing,\u00a0that\u00a0body\u00a0can\u00a0never\u00a0be-come\u00a0tyrants.\u00a0A\u00a0measure\u00a0partially\u00a0oppres-sive\u00a0may\u00a0be\u00a0resolved\u00a0upon,\u00a0but\u00a0while\u00a0the principles\u00a0of\u00a0representation,\u00a0which\u00a0are\u00a0al-ways\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0power\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0people,\u00a0remain\u00a0<\/span>uncorrupted,\u00a0such\u00a0a\u00a0measure\u00a0can\u00a0be\u00a0of\u00a0no\u00a0<\/span><\/b>long\u00a0continuance.\u00a0The\u00a0best\u00a0constitution\u00a0of government\u00a0may\u00a0degenerate\u00a0from\u00a0its\u00a0purity through\u00a0a variety\u00a0of\u00a0causes;\u00a0but\u00a0the\u00a0confed-<\/span>eration\u00a0of\u00a0these\u00a0states\u00a0is\u00a0better\u00a0secured\u00a0than<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            any government on earth, and less liable to corruption\u00a0from\u00a0any quarter.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            There is the same danger that the\u00a0consti-tutions\u00a0of the several states will become ty-rannical\u00a0as that the principles of federal government will be corrupted. The states in their\u00a0collective\u00a0capacity\u00a0have\u00a0no\u00a0more\u00a0rea-son\u00a0to dread an uncontrollable power in Congress than they have, in their individual capacity,\u00a0<\/span>to\u00a0<\/span>dread\u00a0the uncontrollable power\u00a0of their own legislatures. Their security in\u00a0<\/span>both\u00a0instances\u00a0is\u00a0an\u00a0equal\u00a0representation,\u00a0<\/span><\/b>the dependence, the responsibility, and the\u00a0<\/span>rotation of their\u00a0representat.ives. These arti-<\/span><\/b>cles\u00a0constitute the basis of our liberties, and will be an effectual security, so long as the people are wise enough to\u00a0maintain\u00a0the principles\u00a0of\u00a0the confederation.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            I\u00a0beg\u00a0leave\u00a0here\u00a0to\u00a0observe\u00a0that\u00a0a state was never yet destroyed by a corrupt or a wicked administration. Weakness and wick-edness\u00a0in the executive department may produce\u00a0innumerable\u00a0evils;\u00a0but\u00a0so\u00a0long\u00a0as\u00a0<\/span>the principles of a constitution remain un-<\/span><\/b>corrupted, their vigor will always restore\u00a0good order. Every stride\u00a0of tyranny\u00a0in the\u00a0best governments\u00a0in Europe\u00a0has\u00a0been\u00a0effect-ed by breaking over some constitutional\u00a0<\/span>barriers. But\u00a0\u00b7where a constitution\u00a0is\u00a0.formed\u00a0<\/span><\/b>by\u00a0the\u00a0people\u00a0and\u00a0unchangeable\u00a0but\u00a0by\u00a0their authority, the progress of corruption\u00a0must\u00a0be extremely\u00a0slow,\u00a0and\u00a0perhaps\u00a0tyran-ny\u00a0can never be established in such govern-ment, except upon a general habit of\u00a0indo-<\/span>lence\u00a0and\u00a0vice.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            What do the states obtain by\u00a0reserving to\u00a0themselves the right of deciding on the pro-priety\u00a0of the resolutions of Congress? The great advantage of having every measure\u00a0<\/span>defeated, our frontiers exposed to savages,\u00a0<\/span><\/b>the debts of the\u00a0states\u00a0unpaid and\u00a0accumu-lating, national faith violated, commerce re-stricted\u00a0and insulted, one state filching some interest from another, and the whole body linked\u00a0together\u00a0by\u00a0cobwebs\u00a0and\u00a0shadows, the\u00a0jest\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0ridicule\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0world.\u00a0This is\u00a0not\u00a0a\u00a0chimerical\u00a0description;\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0literal<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            representation\u00a0of\u00a0facts\u00a0as\u00a0they\u00a0now\u00a0exist. One\u00a0state\u00a0found\u00a0it\u00a0could\u00a0make\u00a0some\u00a0advan-tages\u00a0by refusing\u00a0the\u00a0impost.\u00a0Congress\u00a0have\u00a0reasbned\u00a0with\u00a0their\u00a0legislature,-\u00b7and\u00a0by\u00a0in-controvertible. proofs\u00a0have\u00a0pointed\u00a0out\u00a0the. ig1propriety\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0refusal,.\u00a0but\u00a0all\u00a0to\u00a0no purpose.\u00a0Thus\u00a0one-fiftieth\u00a0part\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0states\u00a0<\/span>counteracts\u00a0a\u00a0measure.\u00a0that\u00a0the\u00a0other\u00a0states\u00a0<\/span><\/b>suppose\u00a0not only\u00a0beneficial\u00a0but\u00a0necessary;\u00a0a measure\u00a0on\u00a0which\u00a0the\u00a0discharge\u00a0of\u00a0our\u00a0pub-lic\u00a0debt\u00a0.and\u00a09ur\u00a0national\u00a0faith\u00a0most\u00a0obvi-ously\u00a0.depend.\u00a0Can a government\u00a0thus feeble\u00a0and.disjointed\u00a0answer any valuable\u00a0purpose?\u00a0<\/span>Can\u00a0commutative\u00a0justice\u00a0between\u00a0the\u00a0states\u00a0<\/span><\/b>ever\u00a0be\u00a0obtained?..\u00a0\u00b7Can\u00a0public\u00a0debts\u00a0be.\u00a0dis-charged\u00a0\u00b7a-nd\u00a0<\/span>c\ufffdedit\u00a0<\/span><\/i>supported\u00a0I.\u00a0Can\u00a0America ever\u00a0be\u00a0respected\u00a0by\u00a0her\u00a0enemies\u00a0when\u00a0one\u00a0of.her\u00a0own\u00a0states\u00a0can,\u00a0year\u00a0after\u00a0year,\u00a0abuse her\u00a0weakness\u00a0with\u00a0impunity?\u00a0No,\u00a0the\u00a0American\u00a0states, so\u00a0celebrated\u00a0for\u00a0their\u00a0<\/span>wis-<\/span><\/i>dom\u00a0and\u00a0valor\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0late\u00a0struggle\u00a0for\u00a0free-dom\u00a0and\u00a0empire,\u00a0will\u00a0be\u00a0the\u00a0contempt\u00a0of nations\u00a0unless\u00a0they\u00a0can\u00a0unite\u00a0their force\u00a0and carry\u00a0into\u00a0effect\u00a0all\u00a0the\u00a0constitutional\u00a0mea-<\/span>sures\u00a0of\u00a0Congress,\u00a0whether\u00a0those\u00a0n::ieasures\u00a0‘respect\u00a0themselves\u00a0or foreign\u00a0nations:\u00b7.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            The\u00a0Articles\u00a0of\u00a0Confederation\u00a0.ordain\u00a0that<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            the\u00a0public\u00a0expenses\u00a0shall\u00a0be\u00a0defrayed\u00a0out\u00a0of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            a\u00a0<\/span><\/b>common\u00a0treasury.\u00a0But\u00a0where\u00a0.is\u00a0this\u00a0trea-<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            sury? Congress prescribe a measure for sup-plying this treasury; but the states do not approve\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0measure; each state will take\u00a0<\/span>its own way\u00a0and\u00a0its own time,\u00a0and perhaps\u00a0<\/span><\/b>not supply its contingent of money at\u00a0alL\u00a0‘Is this an\u00a0adherence\u00b7to\u00a0the Articles of our U11-<\/span>ionf\u00a0<\/span><\/i>It certainly is not; and the states that\u00a0refuse a compliance with the general\u00a0mea-<\/span>sures of the continent would, under a good\u00a0<\/span><\/b>government, be considered as rebels.\u00a0Such a\u00a0<\/span>conduct amounts to treason, for it strikes at\u00a0<\/span><\/b>the foundation\u00a0of government.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            Permit\u00a0me to ask every candid American how society\u00a0could\u00a0exist\u00a0if\u00a0every\u00a0man\u00a0as-sumed\u00a0the right of sacrificing\u00a0<\/span>his\u00a0<\/span><\/i>neighbor’s property\u00a0to\u00a0his\u00a0own\u00a0interest?\u00a0Are\u00a0there\u00a0no<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

              \n
            • ..rightsto\u00a0be\u00a0relinquished,\u00a0no\u00a0sacrifices\u00a0to\u00a0be<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                \n
              • !made\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0sake\u00a0of\u00a0enjoying\u00a0the\u00a0benefits<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                of\u00a0civil\u00a0government?\u00a0<\/span>If\u00a0<\/span>every\u00a0town\u00a0in Rhode Island, even\u00a0the smallest,\u00a0could anni-hilate\u00a0every act of\u00a0the\u00a0legislature,\u00a0could\u00a0that state\u00a0<\/span>exist?\u00a0<\/span><\/i>Were\u00a0such\u00a0a\u00a0selfish\u00a0system\u00a0to\u00a0prevail\u00a0generally,\u00a0there\u00a0would\u00a0be\u00a0an\u00a0end\u00a0of government\u00a0and\u00a0civil\u00a0society\u00a0would\u00a0become\u00a0a curse. A social state\u00a0would\u00a0be\u00a0less\u00a0eligible\u00a0<\/span>than\u00a0a\u00a0savage\u00a0state,\u00a0in\u00a0proportion\u00a0as\u00a0knowl-<\/span><\/b>edge\u00a0would\u00a0be\u00a0increased\u00a0and\u00a0knaves\u00a0multi-plied.\u00a0Local\u00a0inconveniences\u00a0and\u00a0local .inter,\u00a0ests\u00a0never\u00a0ought\u00a0to\u00a0disappoint\u00a0a\u00a0measure\u00a0of general\u00a0utility.\u00a0If\u00a0there\u00a0<\/span>is\u00a0<\/span><\/i>not\u00a0power\u00a0enough\u00a0in\u00a0government\u00a0to\u00a0remedy\u00a0these\u00a0evils\u00a0by obliging\u00a0private\u00a0interests\u00a0to\u00a0give\u00a0way\u00a0to\u00a0public,\u00a0discord\u00a0will\u00a0pervade\u00a0the\u00a0state,\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span>terminate\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0revolution.\u00a0Such\u00a0a\u00a0power\u00a0<\/span><\/b>must\u00a0exist\u00a0somewhere,\u00a0and\u00a0if\u00a0people\u00a0will quarrel with good\u00a0government,\u00a0there are in-numerable\u00a0opportunities\u00a0for\u00a0some\u00a0daring\u00a0<\/span>ambitious\u00a0genius\u00a0to\u00a0erect\u00a0a\u00a0monarchy\u00a0on\\ civil\u00a0dissensions.\u00a0In\u00a0America\u00a0there\u00a0is\u00a0no\u00b7.\u00a0danger\u00a0of\u00a0an\u00a0aristocracy;\u00a0but\u00a0the\u00a0transition\u00a0<\/span><\/b>from\u00a0popular\u00a0anarchy\u00a0to\u00a0monarchy\u00a0<\/span>is\u00a0<\/span><\/i>very natural\u00a0and\u00a0often\u00a0very\u00a0easy.\u00a0If\u00a0these\u00a0states have\u00a0any\u00a0change\u00a0of\u00a0government\u00a0to\u00a0fear,\u00a0it\u00a0<\/span>is\u00a0<\/span><\/i>a\u00a0monarchy.\u00a0Nothing\u00a0but\u00a0the\u00a0creation\u00a0of\u00a0a sovereign\u00a0power\u00a0over\u00a0the\u00a0whole,\u00a0with\u00a0au-thority\u00a0to\u00a0compel\u00a0obedience\u00a0to\u00a0legal\u00a0mea-<\/span>sures,\u00a0can\u00a0ever\u00a0prevent\u00a0a revolution\u00a0in\u00a0favor<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                of\u00a0one\u00a0monarchy\u00a0or\u00a0more.\u00a0This\u00a0event\u00a0may\u00a0,,\u00a0<\/span>be\u00a0distant,\u00a0but\u00a0is\u00a0not\u00a0the\u00a0less\u00a0certain.\u00a0Amer-\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\ufffdl\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/b>ica\u00a0has\u00a0it\u00a0now\u00a0in\u00a0her\u00a0power\u00a0to\u00a0create\u00a0<\/span><\/b>a\u00a0<\/span><\/b>su-preme\u00a0power\u00a0over\u00a0the\u00a0whole\u00a0continent\u00a0suf-<\/span><\/b>ficient\u00a0to answer all\u00a0the ends of\u00a0government without\u00a0abridging\u00a0the\u00a0rights\u00a0or\u00a0destroying\u00a0the\u00a0sovereignty\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0single\u00a0state.\u00a0But\u00a0should the\u00a0extreme\u00a0jealousy\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0states\u00a0prevent the\u00a0lodgment\u00a0of\u00a0such\u00a0a\u00a0power\u00a0in\u00a0a\u00a0body\u00a0of men chosen\u00a0by themselves\u00a0and\u00a0removable at pleasure,\u00a0such\u00a0a\u00a0.power\u00a0will inevitably\u00a0create itself\u00a0in the\u00a0cours.e\u00a0of events.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                Th\ufffd confederation has sketched .out\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>most excellent form of continental govern-<\/span><\/b>ment.\u00a0The\u00a0ninth\u00a0article\u00a0recites\u00a0the\u00a0powers\u00a0of Congress, which are perhaps nearly\u00a0suffi-<\/span>cient\u00a0to\u00a0answer\u00a0the\u00a0ends\u00a0of\u00a0our\u00a0Union,\u00a0<\/span><\/b>were\u00a0there\u00a0any\u00a0method\u00a0of\u00a0enforcing\u00a0their<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                resolutions.\u00a0It\u00a0is\u00a0there\u00a0said\u00a0what\u00a0powers shall be exercised\u00a0by Congress;\u00a0but no\u00a0pen-alty\u00a0is annexed\u00a0to disobedience.\u00a0What\u00a0pur-pose\u00a0would\u00a0the\u00a0laws\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0state\u00a0answer\u00a0if they\u00a0rii’ight\u00a0be\u00a0evaded\u00a0with\u00a0impunity?\u00a0And if\u00a0there\u00a0were\u00a0no\u00a0penalty\u00a0annexed\u00a0to\u00a0a\u00a0breach of them? A law without a penalty is\u00a0<\/span>mere\u00a0<\/span><\/b>advice;\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/b>a magistrate without the power\u00a0<\/span><\/b>of punishing is a\u00a0<\/span>cipher.\u00a0<\/span><\/i>Here is the\u00a0<\/span>great\u00a0defect\u00a0<\/span><\/i>in the articles of our federal govern-ment.\u00a0Unless\u00a0Congress\u00a0can\u00a0be\u00a0vested\u00a0with the same authority to compel obedience to\u00a0their\u00a0resolutions\u00a0that\u00a0a\u00a0legislature\u00a0in\u00a0any state\u00a0has\u00a0to\u00a0enforce\u00a0obedience\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0laws of\u00a0that state,\u00a0the\u00a0existence\u00a0of\u00a0such\u00a0a\u00a0body\u00a0is<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                .\u00a0entirely needless and will not be of long duration.\u00a0I repeat\u00a0what\u00a0I have\u00a0before\u00a0said. The idea of governing thirteen states and\u00a0<\/span>uniting their interests\u00a0<\/span><\/b>by\u00a0<\/span><\/b>mere resolves and\u00a0<\/span><\/b>recommendations, without any penalty an-<\/span>nexed\u00a0to a noncompliance, is a ridiculous farce, a burlesque on government, and a re-<\/span><\/b>proach\u00a0to America.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                Let Congress be empowered to call forth\u00a0<\/span>the\u00a0<\/span><\/b>force of the continent,\u00a0<\/span><\/b>if\u00a0<\/span><\/b>necessary, to\u00a0<\/span><\/b>carry into effect those measures which they have\u00a0a\u00a0right\u00a0to\u00a0frame.\u00a0Let\u00a0the\u00a0president\u00a0be,\u00a0<\/span>ex officio<\/span><\/i><\/b>1\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/b>supreme magistrate, clothed with\u00a0<\/span><\/b>authority\u00a0to\u00a0execute\u00a0the\u00a0laws\u00a0of\u00a0Congress,\u00a0<\/span><\/b>in the same manner as the governors of the\u00a0<\/span><\/b>states\u00a0are\u00a0to\u00a0execute\u00a0the\u00a0laws\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0states.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                Let the superintendent of finance have the power of receiving the public monies and\u00a0<\/span>issuing\u00a0warrants\u00a0for collection\u00a0in\u00a0the man-ner\u00a0the treasurer has in Connecticut. Let\u00a0ev-ery\u00a0executive\u00a0officer\u00a0have\u00a0power\u00a0to\u00a0enforce<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                the\u00a0laws\u00a0which\u00a0fall\u00a0within\u00a0his\u00a0province.\u00a0At the\u00a0\u00b7same\u00a0time,\u00a0let\u00a0them\u00a0be\u00a0accountable\u00a0for their\u00a0administration.\u00a0Let\u00a0penalties\u00a0be\u00a0an-<\/span>nexed\u00a0to\u00a0every\u00a0species\u00a0of\u00a0inaladni.inistration\u00a0<\/span><\/b>and exacted\u00a0with such\u00a0rigor as is due\u00a0to\u00a0jus-tice\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0public\u00a0safety.\u00a0In\u00a0short,\u00a0let\u00a0the whole\u00a0system\u00a0of\u00a0legislation\u00a0be\u00a0the\u00a0peculiar right\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0delegates\u00a0in\u00a0Congress\u00a0who\u00a0are always\u00a0under\u00a0the control of\u00a0the\u00a0people;\u00a0and let\u00a0the\u00a0whole\u00a0administration\u00a0be\u00a0vested\u00a0in\u00a0magistr\ufffdtes\u00a0as\u00a0few\u00a0as\u00a0possible\u00a0in\u00a0number, and\u00a0subject\u00a0to the control\u00a0of\u00a0Congress\u00a0only. Let\u00a0every\u00a0precaution\u00a0be\u00a0used\u00a0in\u00a0<\/span>framing\u00a0<\/span><\/i>laws,\u00a0but\u00a0let\u00a0no\u00a0part\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0subjects\u00a0be\u00a0able\u00a0<\/span>to\u00a0<\/span>resist\u00a0the execution.\u00a0Let\u00a0the\u00a0people\u00a0keep, and\u00a0<\/span>forever\u00a0keep,\u00a0<\/span><\/i>the\u00a0sole\u00a0right\u00a0of\u00a0legislation\u00a0<\/span>in\u00a0their\u00a0own\u00a0representatives,\u00a0but\u00a0divest\u00a0<\/span><\/b>themselves\u00a0wholly\u00a0of\u00a0any\u00a0right\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0ad-<\/span>ministration.\u00a0Let every\u00a0state\u00a0reserve\u00a0its\u00a0sov-<\/span><\/b>ereign\u00a0right of\u00a0directing\u00a0its\u00a0own\u00a0internal\u00a0af-. fairs,\u00a0but\u00a0giie\u00a0to\u00a0Congress\u00a0the\u00a0sole\u00a0right\u00a0of conducting\u00a0the\u00a0general\u00a0affairs\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0conti-nent. Such a plan of\u00a0government\u00a0is practica-ble.;\u00a0and,\u00a0I\u00a0believe,\u00a0the\u00a0only\u00a0plan\u00a0that\u00a0will preserve\u00a0the\u00a0faith,\u00a0the\u00a0dignity,\u00b7\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span>union of\u00a0these American\u00a0states.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                 <\/p>\n

                Public domain.\r\n\r\nSource:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Sketches<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>American<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Policy,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>1785.[<\/span>Harry<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>R.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Warfel,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>ed.,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>New<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>York<\/span>,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>1937,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>pp.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>3-<\/span>48]<\/span><\/span><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
                The\u00a0Union\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0American\u00a0States\u00a0 by Noah Webster No\u00a0PERSON\u00a0can be said’\u00a0to enjoy civil liberty who has no share in legislation, and\u00a0no\u00a0per-son is secure in society\u00a0-unlesS\u00a0the laws are\u00a0known\u00a0and\u00a0respected.\u00a0 In\u00a0despotic governments,\u00a0where\u00a0the\u00a0scep-ter is swayed by an individual, the ruler, whether\u00a0denomin.ated\u00a0an\u00a0emperor,\u00a0a\u00a0king,\u00a0or\u00a0a\u00a0bashaw\u00a0[pasha],\u00a0having\u00a0the\u00a0sole\u00a0right\u00a0of making and executing laws, is the only person who enjoys any liberty. Every\u00a0indi-vidual\u00a0within\u00a0his\u00a0dominions\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0slave.\u00a0In this\u00a0case,\u00a0the\u00a0interest\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0individual,\u00a0of the\u00a0magistrate,\u00a0and\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0supreme\u00a0power\u00a0are\u00a0all\u00a0united,\u00a0and\u00a0government\u00a0is\u00a0of\u00a0course\u00a0as active as possible.\u00a0Hence\u00a0the vigor and decision of … Continue reading The Union of the American States, from Sketches of American Policy<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-699","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hartfordlit.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/699","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hartfordlit.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hartfordlit.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hartfordlit.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hartfordlit.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=699"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/hartfordlit.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/699\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":700,"href":"https:\/\/hartfordlit.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/699\/revisions\/700"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hartfordlit.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=699"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hartfordlit.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=699"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hartfordlit.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=699"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}